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Using this approach, the hazardous concentration that affects 5% of the species (HC 5) has been identified as an important indicator of aquatic safety HC 5 (with a 95% confidence interval) is often recognized as the threshold for aquatic life. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach (developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA ) has been employed to evaluate the ecological risks of pesticide pollution by statistically describing the dose-dependent effects of contaminants at the species level. Therefore, reducing the risk by restricting polycarbamate use is necessary. Comparison of previously reported environmental polycarbamate concentrations in Hiroshima Bay, Japan, to the PNEC estimated using the minimum NOEC and HC 5 suggest that polycarbamate currently poses a high ecological risk.

The fifth percentile of hazardous concentration (HC 5) derived from the acute toxicity values was 0.48 μg/L. The toxicity of dimethyldithiocarbamate may have contributed up to 72% of the toxicity observed for polycarbamate. The 72 h no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of polycarbamate to the alga Skeletonema marinoi–dohrnii complex was 0.45 μg/L. To assess the primary risk, we derived the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for polycarbamate in a probabilistic manner using species sensitivity distributions.

The toxicities of dimethyldithiocarbamate and ethylenebisdithiocarbamate partially explain that of polycarbamate. We also evaluated the acute toxicity of the main components of polycarbamate, namely, dimethyldithiocarbamate and ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, to algae, which are the most sensitive tested organisms to polycarbamate. We conducted algal growth inhibition and crustacean immobilization tests to assess the effects of polycarbamate on marine organisms. Although its toxicity to freshwater organisms has been reported, its toxicity to marine organisms is currently unknown. Polycarbamate is commonly used as an antifoulant coating on fishing nets in Japan.

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